湖南省柑橘园土壤硫素及施硫效应研究

为了探明湖南省柑橘园土壤硫素含量丰缺程度和柑橘施硫效应,2000～2004年开展了柑橘园土壤硫素含量调查与田间试验研究。结果表明,湖南省柑橘园020cm土层有效硫含量平均为47.7.mg/kg,低于临界值的占9.9%、潜在缺硫的占17.3%。随着土层加深,有效硫含量逐渐增加、全硫含量依次减少。土壤有效硫的地区分布,020.cm土层,81.3%的调查县中有10.0%～75.0%的柑橘园存在缺硫和潜在缺硫。柑橘叶片全硫含量平均为2.32.g/kg,有27.2%的柑橘园低于临界值。在有效硫含量不同的土壤中,柑橘连续4～5年施硫肥平均增产5.3%～30.0%,4个基点平均增产10.7%。连续施硫肥明显提高了柑橘叶片硫和氮含量,柑橘果皮中硫含量提高、氮含量降低,有利于果实品质的改善。施硫肥的增产优质效应表现为有效硫含量缺乏的土壤潜在缺乏土壤中等和丰富土壤;较长树龄较短树龄。随着施硫肥年数延长,施硫增产优质效应更加明显。     

全营养混合基质理化性质及其对人参果生长发育和产量的影响

研究了几种全营养混合基质的理化性质及其对人参果生长发育和产量的影响,结果表明:生活垃圾、羊粪、玉米秸杆、糠醛渣、肥沃土壤,容积比为0.20∶0.15:0.15:0.10:0.40,加入酵素菌速腐剂、人参果专用肥,发酵处理后配制成全营养混合基质有利于人参果的生长发育,与对照(传统土壤栽培)比较,容重降低0.31gcm-3,总孔度、毛管孔度、空气孔度分别增加11.71%、6.12%、5.59%;自然含水量、蓄水量分别增加106.93g kg-1、122.46m3hm-2;有机质、速效N、P、K、阳离子交换量分别增加16.70 g kg-1、29.97mg kg-1、11.37 mg kg-1、35.25 mg kg-1、5.73 cmol kg-1;人参果株高、茎粗、单果重、单株果重、产量、产值、利润分别增加21.70 cm、0.55 cm、43.29g、0.59kg/株、21.78 t hm-2、4.36万元hm-2、3.25万元hm-2。不同处理间的差异显著性经LSR检验达到显著和极显著水平。     

Leaching of dissolved organic carbon in soil following anhydrous ammonia application

The transport of anhydrous NH₃-solubilized soil organic matter from surface to subsurface soils may affect subsurface microbial activity. In the present study we determined the impact of anhydrous NH₃-N fertilizer on organic C solubilization and the propensity of solubilized C to leach with percolating water. In fertilized treatments, anhydrous NH₃ was subsurface-banded at 20g N m^-2 in ridge or valley areas of a ridge tillage system. In contol treatments, 0g N m^-2 was banded into the valley area of a ridge tillage system. Rainfall (17 cm) was applied with a drop-type artificial rainfall simulator 3, 10, and 24 days after the fertilizer application. The treatments were replicated twice. Grid lysimeters (15 by 15 cm) were placed 75 cm below the soil surface of a Brandt silty clay loam (fine-silty over sandy or sandy skeletal mixed Pachic Udic Haploboroll). Lysimeters were used to collect percolating water temporally and spatially. The application of N fertilizer increased dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water when rainfall was applied 3 days after the fertilizer application. However, when the rainfall was applied 24 days after the fertilizer application the dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water was not influenced by anhydrous NH₃ application. The smaller dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water with a longer incubation time were most likely the result of microbial assimilation or respiration of solubilized C.     

陕西省生态遥感监测与评价研究

通过对研究区CBERS—2影像进行预处理、建立解译标志、人工判读、分类等过程得到了陕西省县级土地利用数据库;以此为依据,按照生态环境质量评价技术标准进行生态环境质量指数计算,最后得到该区2004年生态环境质量综合评价结果:陕北黄土高原地区生态环境质量一般,榆林地区环境较差;中南部地区环境质量良好,其中秦岭地区环境质量优。将计算结果与该区2000年的评价结果对比分析得出:全省环境质量总体上呈现不同程度的提高,其中关中平原地区生态环境显著改善,但也有少数地区环境继续恶化。     

硫对青蒜生长及品质的影响

以金乡白皮蒜为材料,采用Hoagland营养液水培方法,探究硫对青蒜生长发育、品质及主要矿质元素吸收的影响。结果表明:硫可显著提高青蒜植株的叶片数、叶长和叶面积;当硫处理浓度为1.50 mmol/L时,叶片中大蒜素含量最高,较不施硫处理增加97.96%;假茎中大蒜素含量以硫浓度为2.25 mmol/L时最高;当营养液中硫处理浓度为2.25 mmol/L时,青蒜叶片和假茎内可溶性糖和维生素C含量最大,可溶性糖比不施硫处理分别增加2.64和0.53个百分点,维生素C含量分别增加14.98%和24.57%;青蒜植株（叶片和假茎）中全氮和全硫含量随着营养液硫浓度的升高而增加,呈显著正相关;全磷和全钾含量以硫浓度为2.25 mmol/L时最高。总之,硫能显著促进青蒜叶片生长,提高青蒜的营养品质,增加矿质元素的积累,营养液硫处理浓度为2.25 mmol/L时各项指标表现最好。     

基于耕地质量评价的鄱阳湖区耕地整理规划

区域耕地质量评价是耕地整理的基础工作，为耕地整理专项规划、耕地整理项目设计提供了科学依据。从耕地整理的基本要求出发，选取耕地自然条件和耕地利用条件2个基本因素，土层厚度、土壤质地、土壤有机质、土壤侵蚀、地形坡度、排灌状况、田间道路状况、田块规整度等8个影响因子，建立耕地质量评价指标体系。采用多因素综合评判法将环鄱阳湖区12县(市)的耕地分成4个等级，分析其空间分异特征，并结合各区域耕地质量主要限制因子，提出可行性耕地整理措施，为区域耕地整理宏观控制提供了一种新思路。     

超高压技术结合气调包装保持冷藏带鱼品质

为探讨超高压结合气调包装对4℃冷藏带鱼品质的影响,该试验以超高压(290 MPa,6 min)前处理后4℃真空冷藏为对照,超高压(290 MPa,6 min)分别结合不同比例的气调包装体积分数为(60%CO2+40%N2、60%CO2+7%O2+33%N2、60%CO2+15%O2+25%N2、50%CO2+15%O2+35%N2)处理鲜带鱼并放置4℃冷藏。贮藏期间,以冷藏带鱼的感官评定(sensory evaluation,SE)、菌落总数(total plant count,TPC)、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)、肌动球蛋白溶出量(actomyosin content,AM)、肌动球蛋白的总巯基含量(total sulfhydryls content,TSH)为测定指标,研究不同气调包装对冷藏带鱼的保鲜效果。结果表明:通过菌落总数与TVB-N综合判定货架期可知,超高压处理鲜带鱼后真空贮藏仅延长冷藏带鱼货架期至11 d,超高压处理后气调贮藏各组:60%CO2+40%N2气调包装组可延长货架期至16d,60%CO2+7%O2+33%N2气调包装组可延长货架期至19d,60%CO2+15%O2+25%N2与50%CO2+15%O2+35%N2气调包装组可延长货架期至21d,是对照组货架期近2倍,说明超高压结合气调包装能有效抑制细菌总数增长和TVB-N产生。气调包装会加速超高压后带鱼肌动球蛋白和肌动球蛋白中总巯基含量的降低,且气调贮藏中高比例的O2对超高压处理后冷藏带鱼的脂肪氧化也有明显促进作用。因此综合考虑,超高压处理后结合60%CO2+7%O2+33%N2的气调包装在显著延长货架期的同时,仍可较好地保持冷藏带鱼原有鲜度。研究结果为冷藏带鱼的保鲜研究提供一定的理论参考。     

浅议家具设计专业学生的素质教育

高素质的家具设计人才已成为家具企业的核心竞争力。从时代发展的需求，探讨了家具设计人才所应具备的专业素质及提高素质的方式方法。     

Trophic interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and bacterial feeders influenced by phosphate and aphids in barley

The aim was to study the effects of P fertilization and leaf aphid attack on the trophic interactions of bacteria and bacterial feeders in the rhizospheres of barley plants. The density of protozoa peaked in the rhizospheres of plants fertilized with N and P, whereas nematodes peaked in the rhizospheres of plants to which only N had been added. Fingerprinting of bacterial communities by length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction revealed differences in community structure between NP rhizospheres and N rhizospheres as well as aphid-related differences within N rhizospheres. Specifically, α-proteobacteria increased with P addition. To evaluate if differences in bacteria in terms of their quality as food could partly explain the observed differences in protozoan and nematode abundances, growth of the flagellate Cercomonas sp. was assessed with 935 bacteria isolated from the different treatments. This assay indicated that bacterial isolates were of higher food quality to Cercomonas sp. in NP than in N rhizospheres when plants were subjected to aphid attack. Bacteria of high and low food quality for Cercomonas sp., respectively, were fed to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and larval production examined. α-Proteobacteria supported the growth of Cercomonas sp. well, whereas Actinobacteria did not. In contrast, C. elegans reproduced poorly on most α-proteobacteria but were able to reproduce well on some Actinobacteria. These results suggest that the different response of protozoa and nematodes to P addition could be mediated through a food quality-related change in community composition of bacteria and that leaf aphid attack may interfere with nutrient effects on bacterial assemblages of rhizospheres.     

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Relationships in Waxy Rice (Oryza sativa L.) using AFLP and ISSR Markers

Opaque endosperm is the main phenotypic indicator for waxy rice, but other phenotypic and genotypic variation among waxy rice accessions has largely been ignored. Previous studies showed that wide diversity in starch physiochemical properties exists in both indica and japonica waxy rices, especially for starch gelatinization temperature (GT) which could be divided into a high- and a low-GT group. In the present study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers were employed to examine genetic diversity and relationships of 56 waxy rice accessions. A total of 358 AFLP fragments were amplified with five primer combinations, showing a high level of polymorphism (78.3%). A total of 190 ISSR bands were generated with a single primer and a primer pair, showing a very high level of polymorphism (92.2%). The genetic distance matrices obtained from the two sets of markers were significantly correlated (r = 0.731, P = 0.004). The dendrogram generated with combined AFLP and ISSR markers could clearly differentiate the indica and japonica groups. Newly released varieties and breeding lines within each subspecies tended to be clustered together, whereas landraces were more distantly placed in the dendrogram. Only one AFLP band was found specific to the indica type, while no specific bands were found for starch GT. The implications for the conservation and breeding of waxy rice are discussed.